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经济全球化英文论文
随着国家间的交流密切，经济全球化是当今国际社会的总体特征和主要趋势。今天小编要给大家介绍的便是经济全球化英文论文，欢迎阅读！
经济全球化英文论文1
New features of international trade disputes in the context of economic globalization
After the emergence of economic globalization, it was further developed in the 1980s. In the international landscape, east and west Germany achieved unity, eastern Europe changed, the Soviet union disintegrated, so that the original confrontation became meaningless because of a lack of confrontation. After the new scientific and technological revolution, the economy developed rapidly, and in the international community, economic and trade development became the main theme. Since the 1980s, international trade disputes have developed many new features.
1. New features in the field of international trade disputes
Before the 1980 s, the most prone to international trade disputes areas for trade in goods, but after the 1980 s, dispute domain changed, expanded from a single trade area in the field of trade in services, intellectual property, investment fields. Service trade fields will get rapid development, because in the process of economic development, the proportion of service industry is more and more big, and with the development of science and technology, the degree of specialization is more and more deep, thus promoted the development of service trade, so in the field of service trade dispute gradually more up. With the development of international trade, the transaction is no longer pure goods, and the non-goods become the object of trade, thus the dispute extends to the domain of intellectual property. In the context of economic globalization, economic ties between countries have gradually strengthened, which has promoted the development of indirect investment and direct investment. Based on this, new changes have taken place in the field of international trade disputes, reflecting new features.
2. New features of the content of international trade disputes
Before the 1980s, the dispute was mainly about cutting tariff barriers, and after the economic globalization, the content of the disputes changed to remove non-tariff barriers. Before the 1980s, international trade was affected by the steady economic development of western capitalist countries, and the trade liberalization was always present. Therefore, the dispute was mainly focused on tariff barriers. However, with the development of economic globalization, in international trade, there are problems in non-economic and trade areas, which bring about new features of international trade disputes.
3. New features of the subject of international trade disputes
In the past, the main body of international trade disputes was mostly developed countries, but with the development of developing countries, a large number of developing countries emerged in the subject of disputes. Generally speaking, the more trade between trade subjects, the greater the frequency of disputes, and the smaller the frequency. In the early 1980 s, mainly in the international trade between developed countries, so after disputes, dispute settlement rules is determined by developed countries, but along with the development of the developing countries, its economic strength has been greatly improved, gradually appeared in the developing countries in international trade, the international trade dispute at the time, developing countries will use the existing dispute mechanism to protect their legitimate interests. Because of the change of subject, the pattern of international trade has changed.
New features of the cause of international trade disputes
In the process of development, the economic level is different, which leads to disputes in international trade. In agriculture, for example, the United States and the European Union agriculture are more developed, but the American agriculture development level is higher than the European Union, in the United States and the European Union for world markets for agricultural products, the European Union in order to win the competition, a series of export subsidy policy, so that is what happened to disputes between the United States and the European Union. In addition to the differences in economic level, there are differences between countries in policy, domestic law and international law, and disputes can be formed in international trade.
Ii. Improvement of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism
1. Introduce the principle of "no consensus"
In the process of dispute settlement, will meet procedural and substantive issues, for this kind of problem solution, if there is no consistent opposition members present at the meeting, so decided to be passed to the problem. In this way, the dispute settlement is effectively guaranteed, and will not be terminated or delayed by one party's obstruct.
2. Establish a unified dispute settlement procedure and establish a dedicated dispute settlement body
In the general agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt), the international trade dispute settlement shall be the responsibility of the council, after the world trade organization (wto) was set up, has made a change to this state, the dispute is not by the board of directors is responsible for, but to set up special settlement body --, DSB. The rules and procedures for dispute settlement have been clearly defined and DSB is responsible for the implementation. In addition, the DSB is responsible for the consultation and dispute settlement provisions in the agreement.
3. Introduce automatic programs
International trade dispute settlement is composed of multiple stages, each stage has specific work time limit, it made clear in the understanding and accessories is fixed, if within the prescribed period of time, not negotiate the results or ignore consultations, so when making the second appeal of dispute settlement, will automatically set up related expert group. After the panel was established, it would report to DSB that the DSB would pass the report within 60 days, in order to prevent one of the parties from appealing. After the report is passed, automatic procedures will be introduced without the "negation of consent". By automating procedures, human factors can be reduced and the dispute can be effectively resolved.
Introduce cross - retaliation
Answer to the question of the suspension and cuts the panel at the time of trial, and the panel is in the same department, however, in the same department, suspension and reduction is more difficult to achieve, therefore, the parties will use other ways to another cuts under the agreement to suspend, this is the cross retaliation. The result of the decision can be better implemented by the introduction of this method.
The countermeasures of China's international trade disputes in the context of economic globalization
China should actively join in international trade
Has increased dramatically in recent years, the number of international trade disputes, and the situation has become more and more complex, after China's entry into the international trade, can produce certain risks, but not so refused to join in our country, but to actively join in international trade. The degree of opening to the outside world to a great extent, determines the level of economic development in our country, in order to improve the level of economic development of our country, improve the strength of our country, it needs to push forward the opening to the outside world, and between the countries in the world economic, technological and cultural cooperation and exchanges, and actively absorb the advanced stuff. However, in the process of opening up to the outside world, we should not be blindly optimistic and have a clear understanding of international trade disputes.
2. Strengthen cooperation with developing countries and Asian countries
In fact, the nature of international trade disputes is a conflict of interest. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, we need to achieve synergistic and collaborative interests. Also belong to developing countries, in China and some developing countries in international trade, due to the division of positioning convergence lead to disputes, and for this type of international trade disputes, the most fundamental way is to implement the industrial upgrading, or for regional cooperation, thus effectively reducing disputes.
3. Use industry associations to avoid and resolve disputes
The so-called trade association refers to a special kind of intermediary organization, between the government and the enterprise, belonging to the non-governmental organization, the WTO rules cannot direct the industry association. In solving international trade disputes, industry associations can participate directly or indirectly in member enterprises and use their own advantages to promote dispute settlement.
Improve China's industry relief system
To advocate free trade in the WTO, but this does not mean that the blow out trade protection, in the legal framework, set up many exceptions, main purpose is to allow members to implement relief to a domestic industry. Some countries in order to win in the international trade competition, take improper dumping, subsidies, etc., through the legal framework in the exception rules, members can take anti-dumping and countervailing measures, etc. The perfect industrial relief system can guarantee the international trade of our country and form a level playing field.
5. Cultivate international trade talents
As international trade talents, not only need to know the related knowledge of international trade, also need to master international trade laws and regulations, rules, and to master a foreign language, through the international trade talents, can promote the smooth progress of international trade. China should establish a strict system of international trade talents to avoid non-professional staff, and let it play its own skills in international trade.
Four, conclusion
The development of economic globalization has provided a good opportunity for China's economic development, but also brought a great deal of international trade disputes. In the face of opportunities and challenges, our country should on the basis of fully understanding the characteristics of international trade disputes, formulated in accordance with the economic development of our country international trade disputes coping strategies, effectively enhance the strength of our country in international competition.
经济全球化英文论文2
Economic globalization has gradually become the main trend in the world today, and its performance is mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, the important basis of economic globalization is the globalization of trade. Worldwide, social productivity has increased dramatically since the second world war and is quickly becoming entangled in world markets. Trade between countries in the world gradually increased, and more and more countries and regions began to frequent trading, thus make the trade structure between different countries, trade scale and great changes have taken place in trade flows, etc. Second, many multinationals have become more global in their operations and production. From a small point of view, the rapid development of economic globalization is inseparable from the promotion of transnational corporations. Because multinational companies are gradually expanding in scale, and also play an important role in the process of international production. With the development of national economy and the continuous advancement of economic globalization, transnational corporations have more and more influence on the world economy, and their importance is increasing. Third, financial ties worldwide are more closely linked. First, direct investment between countries grew rapidly, and the scale of investment gradually expanded, then the world's financial trade continued to grow. Finally, financial institutions became more global. The most obvious manifestation of this is the gradual increase of regional or global financial institutions, while the status and role of international financial institutions gradually increase.
The main problems facing small and medium-sized enterprises in China in the context of economic globalization
1. Many small and medium-sized enterprises have lagged behind in technical level and related essential facilities. Since many small and medium-sized enterprises do not have much capital, there is a large room for improvement in related equipment and facilities. Some small and medium-sized enterprises are severely behind in the technical level, and the equipment used is also older. There is no standard office space and tools, conditions are relatively backward.
2. The management level of small and medium-sized enterprises is not high. Due to the shortcomings of capital, technology and information, many small and medium-sized enterprises have no more perfect management structure, and they are often independent management in the company or enterprise. That is to say that the leader is in charge, which makes the decisions of the company less scientific. In the course of development, small and medium-sized enterprises have no perfect development plan and long-term development goals, and have not formed modern enterprise management philosophy and enterprise management system. Many small and medium-sized enterprises are family-owned management and structure, which can easily lead to the chaos of enterprise management order.
3. The products produced by small and medium-sized enterprises have no higher quality and grade. The equipment level of small and medium-sized enterprises determines that small and medium-sized enterprises have no higher quality. This is because small and medium-sized enterprises are relatively backward in the management level, and they are extremely lack of professional technical personnel, so the products of small and medium-sized enterprises have no higher quality. On the other hand, most of the products of small and medium-sized enterprises belong to the preliminary processing, without the high added value of products. So many small and medium-sized enterprises are relatively slow to develop. In addition, the lack of external supervision of small and medium-sized enterprises is also the main reason for the low quality of small and medium-sized enterprises.
4. It is difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to finance. Because our country small and medium-sized enterprises is not perfect credit evaluation system and the system, and on the credit guarantee system is not sound, coupled with the small and medium-sized enterprise's own strength is poor, can't resist the market risk, the larger lead to small and medium-sized enterprises in our country there are serious difficulties in financing. The financing difficulty has greatly hindered the healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China, and has greatly increased the production and operating costs of small and medium-sized enterprises in China.
Small and medium-sized enterprises are less than large enterprises in economic indicators. Since small and medium-sized enterprises are relatively backward in management, technology, personnel and equipment, their economic indicators are much lower than that of large enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises are at a lower level in the current industrial structure, with low technical level and low added value. Therefore, the tax rate and the sales rate of small and medium-sized enterprises also have a big gap compared with that of large enterprises. This also indicates that smes are lagging behind in operating performance and profitability.
How should small and medium-sized enterprises achieve rapid development in the economic globalization
Small and medium-sized enterprises should keep working hard. First, strengthen the strength of small and medium-sized enterprises. We should pay more attention to the introduction of advanced management talents, constantly increase the investment in science and technology, and realize the continuous innovation of enterprises. Accelerate the informationization construction within the enterprise, and realize the economic benefit of small and medium-sized enterprises through the development of electronic commerce. For small and medium-sized enterprises to achieve great development, they must innovate the current marketing strategy and replace traditional enterprise sales and production concepts with the new concept of international market. And according to the characters of the international market demand, combined with their own actual situation targeted to organize production and actively developing new products, so that enterprises in the case of meet market demand at home and abroad to win profits for the enterprise. In the current period, the international brand does bring a lot of development opportunities and great economic benefits to the enterprise. At present, the implementation of the famous brand economy is the inevitable development of market economy. Small and medium-sized enterprise only continuously enhance their brand awareness and brand awareness to constantly increase the scientific and technological innovation as a way to make small and medium-sized enterprises in the international trade market to achieve a stable position. At the same time of implementing brand strategy of small and medium-sized enterprises should constantly increasing scientific and technological innovation of enterprise itself, the small and medium-sized enterprises to actively encourage talents with innovative spirit and innovative ability and capital to participate in the distribution of the enterprise. Employees who have made great contributions to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises should be rewarded and appreciated in a timely manner, especially managers and scientific and technological innovators in enterprises. Through a series of measures to continuously promote the technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises and the transformation of results. At the same time, the government should also formulate policies to encourage innovation.
2. National and social institutions should constantly improve the policy system to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The present situation of the shortage of funds for small and medium-sized enterprises, countries should set up a dedicated export trade funds and foreign investment funds, so that more small and medium-sized enterprises to participate in the international market competition. For the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, the state should relax the corresponding financing policies and relax the listing conditions of small and medium-sized enterprises. The state should formulate laws and regulations on the implementation of international operation of small and medium-sized enterprises so as to effectively protect the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises. Then, actively mobilize the import and export agencies to provide relevant information about international trade to smes, and actively carry out some exhibitions and commodity promotion meetings.
conclusion
In the current development of world economic integration, China's small and medium-sized enterprises are facing increasing pressure and challenges. Although economic globalization has brought many opportunities for the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China. However, with the change of economic situation and the change of trade rules, the operation of small and medium-sized enterprises in the international market has become more and more difficult. Therefore, we should actively face the trend of the development of economic globalization, actively put forward scientific and feasible development strategy, the reform in the enterprise is not suitable for the factors of enterprise development, from the perspective of countries and their own efforts, so as to lay a good foundation for the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises development in our country.
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