英语初中语法总结

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英语初中语法总结

  总结是在某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价,从而得出教训和一些规律性认识的一种书面材料,它可使零星的、肤浅的、表面的感性认知上升到全面的、系统的、本质的理性认识上来,因此我们要做好归纳,写好总结。那么你真的懂得怎么写总结吗?下面是小编精心整理的英语初中语法总结,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

英语初中语法总结

英语初中语法总结1

  名词指代物体、事物和人,例如:电脑、椅子、沙滩、门警等等。名词是英语中八大词类之一。指代物体的可数名词有两种形式:单数形式和复数形式。本篇关于名词复数的指南可以帮助你理解名词复数的规则形式和不规则形式。在英语中,需要学习的还有动词的不规则形式、以及与名词复数形式很相似的形容词比较级和最高级。

  普通的名词复数形式——加上-s

  对于大多数名词来说,只需要在词尾加上-s。

  单数名词+s=复数名词

  computer -> computers

  (电脑)

  bag -> bags

  (包)

  book -> books

  (书)

  table -> tables

  (桌)

  house -> houses

  (房子)

  car -> cars

  (汽车)

  student -> students

  (学生)

  place -> places

  (地点)

  不规则名词的复数形式-以辅音+y结尾的名词

  以辅音+y结尾的名词,去掉y,词尾加上ies。

  以y结尾的单数名词+ies=复数名词

  baby -> babies

  (宝贝)

  party -> parties

  (聚会)

  paddy -> paddies

  (稻田)

  hobby -> hobbies

  (习惯)

  lady -> ladies

  (女士)

  ferry -> ferries

  (渡轮)

  sherry -> sherries

  (雪莉酒)

  dandy -> dandies

  (花花公子)

  不规则名词的复数形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z结尾的名词,在词尾加上es。

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z结尾的'名词+es=复数名词

  beach -> beaches

  (沙滩)

  box -> boxes

  (箱子)

  church -> churches

  (教堂)

  buzz -> buzzes

  (嗡嗡声)

  loss -> losses

  (损失)

  fox -> foxes

  (狐狸)

  watch -> watches

  (手表)

  dress -> dresses

  (裙子)

  不规则名词的复数形式——以o结尾的名词

  许多以辅音+o结尾的名词,o后面会在s前再加上一个e。

  不幸的是,也有很多以o结尾的名词不需要做出改动。首先,这里有一些需要做出改动的例子。

  以辅音+o结尾的单数名词+es=复数形式

  tomato -> tomatoes

  (番茄)

  hero -> heroes

  (英雄)

  zero -> zeroes

  (零)

  potato -> potatoes

  (土豆)

  echo -> echoes

  (回声)

  其他以辅音+0结尾的名词不需要在词尾加上-es。

  以元音+o结尾的名词不需要做出改动

  kilo -> kilos

  (公斤)

  radio -> radios

  (收音机)

  logo -> logos

  (逻辑)

  piano -> pianos

  (钢琴)

  solo -> solos

  (独奏曲)

  cargo -> cargos

  (货物)

  halo -> halos

  (光晕)

英语初中语法总结2

  1,一般加s,例如:pen---pens

  2,以s,sh,ch,x结尾加es,例如:bus—buses,brush—brushes,watch—watches,box—boxes

  3,以辅音字母加y结尾,去掉y为I加es例如:baby---babies

  4,以f,fe结尾,去掉f,fe加ves life---lives,leaf---leaves

  5,以有生命的o结尾加es例如:hero---heroes,tomato---tomatoes,potato---potatoes,mango---mangoes

  6,复合名词遇见man,woman两个词时,两个名词都要加复数A man teacher---two men teachers

英语初中语法总结3

  数词时刻的表达法:

  一、 整点法:如果时间是整点,就用“钟点数+o’clock”来表示。o’clock可省略。如:8:00可读作eight

  o’clock或eight

  二、顺读法:顺读法,也叫直接读法,此方法用于既有钟点数,又有分钟数的时间,通常先读“钟点数”,再读分钟数。如:7:20读作seven-twenty

  三、倒读法:此方法是“先读分钟数”,再读“钟点数”,使用此方法要注意两点:

  1、如果分钟数在30以内,就用“分钟数+past+钟点数”表示,介词past意为“过”。如:6:10读作ten past six.

  2、当分钟数正好是“三十分钟”时,可用“顺读法”中的“钟点数+thirty”,也可用“half+past+钟点数”.如:7:30可读作seven

  thirty 或 half past seven.

  3、如果分钟数超过30,则用“(60-分钟数)+ to +(钟点数 + 1)”来表示,介词to 为“差”的.意思。如:6:35读作twenty-five

  to seven (差二十五分钟到七点)

  在“倒读法”中,当分钟数涉及到“15分钟”时,一般不用fifteen,而用a quarter(一刻钟)来表示。如:10:15读作a quarter

  past ten (一般不读 fifteen past ten)

英语初中语法总结4

  一.名词

  名词的种类:

  名词的数:

  规则名词的复数形式:

  名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:

  不规则名词复数:

  英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:

  名词的所有格:

  名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。

  ’s所有格的构成:

  ’s所有格的用法:

  of所有格的用法:

  用于无生命的`东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

  用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students

  用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed

  二.冠词

  冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。

  不定冠词的用法:

  定冠词的用法:

  零冠词的用法:

  三.代词:

  代词可以分为以下七大类:

  不定代词用法注意点:

  one, some与any:

  1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。

  One should learn to think of

  Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any

  I have some questions to

  2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。

  Would you like some bananas? Could you give me somemoney?

  3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。

  I have read this article in some Please correct the mistakes, if

  4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。

  There are some 3,000 students in this Doyou feel any better today?

  each和every:

  each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。

  Each student has a pocket / Each (of us) has / We each have a

  Every student has strong and weak / Every one of us hasstrong and weak

  none和no:

  no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。

  There is no water in the

  How much water is there in the bottle?

  None of the students are (is) afraid of

  other和another:

  1) other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theother day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如:

  He held a book in one hand and his notes in the

  Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed

  2) another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如:

  I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

  The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /

  Some like football, while others like

  all和both, neither和either

  all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和

  All of the books are not written in / Not all ofthe books are written in

  Both of us are not / Not both of us are Either of us is a

  四.形容词和副词

  形容词:

  形容词的位置:

  1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:

  2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:

  3)复合形容词的构成:

  副词

  副词的分类:

  形容词和副词比较等级:

  形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。

  同级比较时常常用as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I amnot so good a player as you

  可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, alittle, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。

  表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will

  用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a moreworrying

  表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:

  Our school is three times larger than school is fourtimes as large as school is four times the size of

  表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent, extreme, perfect。

  五.介词

  介词分类:

  常用介词区别:

英语初中语法总结5

  I.要点

  表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

  1、虚拟语气的构成

  如:与现在事实相反

  If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )

  If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)

  If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)

  与过去事实相反:

  I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)

  You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )

  与将来事实相反:

  If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)

  If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)

  If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)

  If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示下雨的.可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)

  注:

  (1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:

  Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

  (2)混合时间条件句的用法:

  有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。

  1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。)

  (fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)

  2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)

  (fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)

  (3)在其他状语从句中的用法

  主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如:

  She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)

  Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)

  2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

  (1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。

  句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…

  句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

  句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

  如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.

  It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

  It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

  (2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

  (3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

  (4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  We received order that the work be done at once.

  (5)在It is time that…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如:

  It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

英语初中语法总结6

  关于介词,千万不要小看他们,你的英文是否标准,看介词使用,就一目了然,今天就来帮你学会两个介词In & At。

  基本定义

  In——在…。内部

  At——开放的`地点,无论在内在外,但是对于城市,国家,城镇不可以

  在咖啡馆

  In the coffee shop

  At the coffee shop

  在北京

  In Beijing

  At Beijing ×

  错误理由:对于城市,国家,城镇不可以用At

  在办公室

  In the office

  At the office

  那么现在来看标题中的答案

  I'm in home ×

  I'm at home

  错误理由:At home是固定用法

  使用In一定要说In sb's home在某人家里

英语初中语法总结7

  情态动词有具体的词义,但也同助动词一样,需要与动词原形一起构成句子的谓语,另外情态动词没有人称和数的变化,情态动词后必须跟动词原形。

  (一) 10个最重要情态动词的用法

  can

  ⑴表示能力,一般译为“能、会”,尤其指生来具备的能力。

  She can swim fast, but I can’t .

  她会游泳,但我不会。

  ⑵表示许可,常在口语中。

  You can use my

  你可以使用我的词典。

  ⑶表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为“不可能”。

  Can the news be true?

  这个消息可能是真的吗?

  It can’t be our He is on a visit to the Great

  不可能是我们老师。他正在参观长城呢。

  could

  ⑴ can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的能力。

  He could write poems when he was

  他十岁的时候就会写诗。

  ⑵ could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。

  Could you do me a favour?

  你可以帮我一个忙吗?

  —Could I use your pen?我可以使用你的钢笔吗?

  —Yes, you (注意回答)可以。

  may

  ⑴表示请求、许可,比can正式,May I borrow your bike?

  我可以借用你的自行车吗?

  You may go home

  你现在可以回家了。

  ⑵表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“可能,或许”,一般用于肯定句中。

  It may rain tomorrow .

  明天可能会下雨。

  ⑶ may的过去式为might。might也可以表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思)。

  He is away from He might be

  他离开学校了。也许是病了。

  ⑷表示希望、祈求、祝愿,常可译为“祝愿”。通常是用may +主+V

  May you have a good time!

  祝你玩的愉快!

  May you be happy!

  祝你快乐!

  May you succeed!

  祝你成功!

  must

  ⑴ must表示主观看法,意为“必须”。

  You must stay here until I come

  你必须待在这里,直到我回来。

  Must I hand in my homework right now?

  我现在必须要交作业吗?

  ⑵对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to .

  —Must I finish my homework?我必须完成作业吗?

  —No, you needn’不,你不必。

  ⑶ must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。

  The light is on, so he must be at home

  灯开着,所以他现在一定在家。

  ⑷其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不许”。

  You mustn’t play with

  你不许玩火。

  You mustn’t be

  你不许迟到。

  注意:其反意问句的构成形式:

  当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。

  She must have seen the film before,hasn’t she?(注意反意疑问句的后半部分)

  她之前一定看过这部电影,难道没有吗?

  You must have met uncle Wang in the shop yesterday,didn’t you? (注意反意疑问句的后半部分)

  你昨天一定在商店见到王叔叔了,难道没有吗?

  need

  ⑴ need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t,意为“不必”。

  用need提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。

  —Need I stay here any longer?我需要待在这里吗?

  —Yes, you must .是的,你必须。

  — you needn’t /don’t have不,你不必。

  (2) need还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。

  I need to do it right

  我需要现在做这件事。

  注意:如果是物作主语,一般用need doing与need to be done,这种情况下应注意两点:

  ①主动形式的动名词doing具有被动的含义;

  ②该动名词可以改为其动词不定式的被动形式而句子的意义不变。

  The door needs = The door needs to be

  门需要被油漆。

  dare

  dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有两种词性:

  ⑴ dare作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。

  Dare he tell them what he knows?

  他敢告诉他们他知道的事情吗?

  I daren’t ask Will you do it for me?

  我不敢问她。你可以为我问吗?

  ⑵ dare作为实义动词,此时有人称、数及时态的变化。

  He doesn’t dare to break his

  他不敢违背承诺。

  注意:口语中,dare的各种形式常与不带to的不定式连用。

  Do you dare tell her what I said?

  你敢告诉她我说的.话吗?

  shall

  shall表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称)

  Shall we go out for a walk?

  我们出去散步好吗?

  Shall the driver wait outside?

  司机在外面等好吗?

  should

  ⑴ should意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。

  We should protect the

  我们应该保护环境。

  ⑵ Should have done意为”本应该做某事而没做“,表示对过去动作的责备、批评。

  You should have finished your

  你本应该完成作业的。(实际上没有)

  will

  will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。

  I will help you if I’m free this

  如果下午有空,我会帮你的。

  had better

  had better意为“最好”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to的不定式,其否定形式为:had better not。

  We had better go

  你最好现在去。

  (二)情态动词的被动语态

  含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为:情态动词+ be + done (动词的过去分词)。做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态这两个方面。

  三.情态动词表示推测的用法

  can表示对具体事物的推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句。

  That man can't be her She is still

  那个人一定不是她丈夫。她还是单身。

  注意:can表推测用于肯定句时,不能指对具体事物的推测,而是表示事物的属性特征。

  The British people can talk about weather when they

  英国人见面的时候可能会谈论天气。

  must表示肯定的推测,一般用于肯定句中。

  He must be in his office

  他现在一定在办公室里。

  might表示推测时不一定是may的过去式,只是表示其可能性较小。

  The man may be the

  这个人可能是校长。

  could表示推测时,语气can比较弱。

  —Could it be an animal?它可能是一只动物吗?

  —It could not be,because it is not不可能,因为它没有移动。

  should表示推测的可能性比较大,表示有依据或有前提的推测,仅比must的可能性小一点。意为“按说应该“

  It is already 10 o’clock They should be

  现在已经十点了。他们按说应该到了。

英语初中语法总结8

  at,on和in:这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点,on表示线,in表示面。什么意思呢?也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上:on Saturday,on July 1st,on my birthday,on the morning of July 16th,on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如:in the seventh century,in 1950's ,in 20xx, in the morning等。

  for,since:for表示多长时间。since后接时间起点,其终点往往为现在,常与完成时连用。牢牢记住哟。

  after, in:这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是:after以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子;in以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子。

  by,with,in:by表示"以的方式,方法,手段"和"乘某种交通工具";with指"借助于具体的手段或工具";in表示"以方式,用语言,文字等媒介"。

  for和of:试比较:It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o' It's kind of you to help

  两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏,人自身的`特点,如聪明与否,细心与粗心等;for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点,如可能性,必然性,难易程度等。

  好,又到了趁热打铁的时间了,来检测一下你的学习成效如何?

  练习:

  Can you tell the story ______Russian?

  with

  in

  on

  by

  Here are some birthday cards ______ our teachers, ______ our best

  of, with

  for, with

  of, in

  for, in

  The visitors _______Japan arrived _____ Beijing station last Tuesday morning .

  from, at

  of , to

  from , to

  of, on

  He's badly hurt, we must send _____ a doctor at

  to

  up

  on

  for

  Do you usually come to school ______ foot or _____- bike?

  by by

  on

  on by

  by on

  --when was Jim born?

  --______July, 18,in

  WeiFang bought a new pen at a shop _____ her way

  on

  at

  in

  to

  Don't tell anybody about Keep it a secret _______ you and

  among

  between

  in

  with

  The teacher will be back ______ an

  in

  after

  of

  at

  -- How long have you been in Beijing ?

  --I've been here _____

  in

  实战:

  ______man in brown is _____friend of my fathere's .

  the

  The a

  a

  the

  Here is a letter ______ It's ______your

  for

  to

  from to

  for from

  The twins are ____ interested in Chinese

  all

  both

  neither

  each

  It is ______ hot in Nanjing in

  too much

  much too

  much more

  so much

  's too Have you got_______?

  cheaper something

  everything cheaper

  cheaper anything

  anything cheaper

  --Can I go out to play football now?

  --No, you You must do your homework

  won't

  can't

  needn't

  don't

  The boy didn't go to bed _______ he was asked

  while

  since

  until

  as soon as

  Lesson Two is ______ than Lesson One .

  much difficult

  much more difficult

  the most difficult

  little difficult

  You'd better _______ here any

  don't stay

  not to stay

  to not stay

  not stay

  It _______ him half an hour to ride a bike to get

  spent

  used

  took

  paid

  Mrs Read doesn't know ______ for her

  what will she buy

  which will she buy

  to buy what

  what she will buy

  These childern have never seen snow, _______they?

  do

  don't

  haven't

  have

  Why _______ shopping at once?

  don't go

  not go to

  didin't go

  not go

  The Great Wall ______ all over the world .

  is being known

  was known

  has known

  is known

  My friend has worked in that

  since it opened

  for it opened

  since it opens

  since it is open

英语初中语法总结9

  名词是表示人、事物、地方、现象及其它抽象概念名称的词。

  名词分为专有名词和普通名词。

  专有名词是表示具体的人、事物、地点、或机构等的专有名称。

  如:Guangzhou,Mike,UNESCO等。

  专有名词一般情况下第一个字母要大写。

  普通名词是表示一类人、事物或抽象概念的名称。

  如:police,eggs,rice等。

  普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

  个体名词:表示某一类人或某一类东西中的个体。

  如:monkey,panda,ruler,boy等。

  集体名词:表示一群人或一类事物的总称。

  如:family,police,class,people等。

  物质名词:表示无法分为个体或不具备确定形状和大小的实物。

  如:Water,air,milk等。

  抽象名词:表示抽象概念词。

  如:hope,love,spirit。

  英语的名词有可数名词和不可数名词两种。

  一般来说,个体名词和集体名词多为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。

  名词单数变复数的规则总结

  规则变化

  (1)一般在名词词尾加"-s",map—maps地图

  bird—birds鸟

  orange—oranges桔子

  bike—bikes自行车

  (2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加"-es"

  box—boxes盒子

  class—classes班级

  watch—watches手表

  dish-dishes盘,碟子,餐具

  (3)以o结尾的无生命的名词后面加"-s"

  photo—photos相片

  radio—radios收音机

  zoo—zoos动物园

  以o结尾的有生命的名词后面加"-es"

  tomato—tomatoes西红柿

  potato—potatoes土豆

  hero—heroes英雄

  negro—negroes黑人

  (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加"-es "

  baby—babies婴儿

  family—families家庭

  以元音字母加y结尾的名词直接加"-s"

  boy—boys男孩

  toy—toys玩具

  (5)以fe或f结尾的名词,把fe或f变为v加”-es “

  knife—knives小刀

  wife—wives妻子

  leaf—leaves树叶。

  不规则变化

  (1)child---children

  foot---feet

  tooth---teeth

  mouse---mice

  man---men

  woman---women

  注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。

  如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。

  但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans。

  Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。

  (2)单复同形的'名词

  如:deer鹿,sheep绵羊,fish鱼,Chinese中国人,Japanese日本人

  li里,jin斤,yuan元

  注意:除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:

  a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

  (3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。

  如:people人,police警察,cattle牛等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a

  但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle

  the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。

  如:The Chinese are hard-working and

  中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

  以s结尾,仍为单数的名词

  (1)maths数学,politics政治(学),physics物理学等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。

  (2)news消息、新闻是不可数名词。

  (3)the United States美国,the United Nations联合国应视为单数。

  The United Nations was organized in联合国是1945年组建起来的。

  (4)以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也视为单数。

  "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting

  <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。

  注意两点

  (1)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers

  (2)还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼

  不可数名词

  不可数名词意味着这些名词只能是单数,没有复数形式,不能与数目字如one, two等连用,也不能加不定冠词a(n)。

  不可数名词没有单数、复数之分,但我们在生活中有时候又必需给这些词计量,我们于是采用这种方法:a+表示这些东西的单位+of+不可数名词,如:a cup of tea,a box of milk,a piece of paper等。

  如果为了表示多个的概念,我们就将表示这些东西的单位变成复数即可。

  如:a cup of tea---3 cups of tea,a box of milk---12 boxes of milk,A piece of paper---100 pieces of paper

  【注意】

  当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。例如:

  Cake is a kind of蛋糕是一种食物(不可数)

  These cakes are这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)

  当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:

  This factory produces这个工厂生产钢材。(不可数)

  We need various我们需要各种各样的钢材。(可数)

  当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:

  Our country is famous for我国因茶叶而闻名。

  Two teas,请来两杯茶。

  抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:

  four freedoms四大自由

  the four modernizations四个现代化

英语初中语法总结10

  (一)感叹句

  表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种,一种以what引导,一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。

  What a clever boy he is!多么聪明的小男孩啊!

  How clever the boy is!这小男孩多聪明啊!

  what引导的感叹句

  句型:

  (1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

  What a beautiful city it is!这是一个多么美丽的城市啊!

  What an interesting story she told!她讲了一个多么有趣的故事啊!

  (2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

  What expensive watches they are!它们时多么昂贵的手表啊!

  What terrible weather it is!这是多么糟糕的天气啊!

  how引导的感叹句

  句型:

  (1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

  How hot it is today!今天天气多么热啊!

  How hard he works!他工作多么努力啊!

  (2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)

  How he loves his son!他多爱他的儿子啊!

  (3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

  How tall a tree it is!这是一棵多么高的树啊!

  上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。

  What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!

  What a hot day it is today!→How hot it is today!

  【注意】what和how引导的`两种感叹句,在口语中常用简略式,即省略后一部分(陈述句部分)如:

  How cold!多冷啊!

  What heavy traffic!交通多挤啊!

  比较:感叹句和特殊疑问句

  感叹句:How busy you are!(陈述句语序)你多么忙啊!

  疑问句:How busy are you?(疑问句语序)你有多忙?

  这两种句子的根本区别在于:感叹句后面是陈述句语序,而疑问句的语序要颠倒。

  (二)祈使句

  祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等等。谓语动词一律用原形。句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹号或者句号,用降调。

  肯定的祈使句

  句型:动词原形do+(省略主语)

  Be careful!小心!

  Stand起立。

  有时,为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加do

  Do sit务必请坐。

  Do study一定要努力学习。

  否定的祈使句

  句型:Don't +动词原形do

  Don't swim in the别在河里游泳。

  Don't be别迟到。Please don't be

  请不要大声喧哗。

  用客气的语气表示祈使句时,可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加please,那在please之前一定要加一个逗号“,”。

  Go this way,请这边走。

  祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号“,”隔开,放在句首或句尾。

  Li Ming,come李明,过来。

  Come here,Li过来,李明。

  【注意】

  (1)表示禁止时,尤其是标语等也可用“No+动名词”来表示。

  No禁止吸烟。

  No禁止停车。

  (2)Let's包括对方,Let us不包括对方。反意疑问句时最明显。

  Let's go,shall we?咱们去吧,怎么样?

  Let us go,will you?让我们去吧,行吗?(征求对方的意见)

  回答Let's do sth的反意疑问句句型时,肯定时用Yes,let'否定时用NO,let's

英语初中语法总结11

  1.要点

  1、一般现在时

  (1)表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态,常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如:

  Sometimes, we go swimming after school.

  (2)表示客观真理、科学事实等。如:

  The earth goes round the sun.

  2、现在进行时

  (1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的`动作,常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如:

  What are you doing now?

  (2)和always, continually等连用,表一种经常反复的动作,常含有某种情感。如:

  He is always doing good deeds.

  3、现在完成时

  主要表示动作发生在过去,对现在仍有影响,或动作一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去,常与just, already, so far, once, never等词连用。如:

  Have you ever been to Beijing?

  4、一般将来时

  表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如:

  I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.

  We're going to see a film next Monday.

  5、一般过去时

  表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如:

  It happened many years ago.

  6、过去进行时

  表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如:

  What were you doing this time yesterday?

  7、过去完成时

  表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如:

  The train had already left before we arrived.

  8、一般过去将来时

  表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如:

  He said he would come, but he didn't.

  9、被动语态

  被动语态的时态,以give为例。

英语初中语法总结12

  宾语从句是中考英语的必考点,会出现于中考英语的各个题型中,因此是同学们必须要掌握的语法点之一。中考英语对于宾语从句的考查,主要集中于时态和语序两点。让我们一起走近宾语从句,看看它的真身吧!

  (一)宾语从句的含义

  在整个句子中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。

  如:She knew that the teacher had seen the

  她知道这位老师看过这部电影。

  (“that the teacher had seen the film”做knew的宾语,同时又是由连接词that引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。)

  (二)宾语从句的.分类

  动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。

  例如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

  介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。

  例如:I agree with what you said just我同意你刚才说的话。

  形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。

  例如:I am afraid that I will be恐怕我要迟到了。

  (三)引导名词性从句的连接词

  that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分

  表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。

  I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。

  连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)

  连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)

  The small children don't know what is in their (what在宾语从句中做主语)

  这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。

  Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why在宾语从句中做原因状语)

  你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?

  (四)在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点

  时态

  ①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

  I don't know when he will come我不知道他将何时回来。

  He tells me that his sister came back他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

  ②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。

  She asked me if I knew whose pen it她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

  He said that he could finish his work before他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

  ③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。

  The teacher said that the earth goes round the老师说过地球绕着太阳转。

  语序

  任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。

英语初中语法总结13

  I.要点

  1、连词的种类

  (1)并列连词用来连接并列关系的'词、短语或分句,如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。

  (2)从属连词用来引导从句,如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。

  除了从属连词(引导状语从句)外,还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词(引导名词性从句),关系代词和关系副词(引导定语从句)。

  2、常用连词举例

  (1) and和,并且

  They drank and sang all night.

  (2) both…and和,既…也…

  Both my parents and I went there.

  (3) but但是,而

  I'm sad, but he is happy.

  (4) either…or或…或…,要么…要么…

  Either you're wrong, or I am.

  (5) for因为

  I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

  (6) however然而,可是

  At first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

  (7) neither…nor既不…也不

  Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

  (8) not only…but(also)不但…而且…

  He not only sings well, but also dances well.

  (9) or或者,否则

  Hurry up, or you'll be late.

  Are you a worker or a doctor?

  (10) so因此,所以

  It's getting late, so I must go.

  (11) although虽然

  Although it was late, they went on working.

  (12) as soon as一…就

  I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

  (13) because因为

  He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

  (14) unless除非,如果不

  I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

  (15) until直到…

  He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until结构)

  He stayed there until eleven.

  (16) while当…时候,而(表示对比)

  While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)

  My pen is red while his is blue.

  (17) for因为

  He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的)

  (18) since自从…

  I have lived here since my uncle left.

  (19) hardly… when一…就

  I had hardly got to the station when the train left.

  (20) as far as就…来说

  As far as I know, that country is very small.

  You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)

英语初中语法总结14

  1,一日三餐前:I have lunch我吃中餐

  2,球类,棋类,I play chess我下象棋,Iplayfootball我踢足球

  3,星期I go to school on Monday我在星期一去上学

  4,月份:Children’s Day is in June儿童节在六月

  5,年份He was born in2002他出生于2002年

  6,节日前:On Teachers’ Day在教师节

  7,学科前:I have math class我上数学课

  8,语言:I speak English well我说英语很好

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